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Data-Engineer-Associate Exam Pass Guide - Data-Engineer-Associate Certified

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Amazon AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate (DEA-C01) Sample Questions (Q145-Q150):

NEW QUESTION # 145
A data engineer must use AWS services to ingest a dataset into an Amazon S3 data lake. The data engineer profiles the dataset and discovers that the dataset contains personally identifiable information (PII). The data engineer must implement a solution to profile the dataset and obfuscate the PII.
Which solution will meet this requirement with the LEAST operational effort?

A. Use the Detect PII transform in AWS Glue Studio to identify the PII. Create a rule in AWS Glue Data Quality to obfuscate the PII. Use an AWS Step Functions state machine to orchestrate a data pipeline to ingest the data into the S3 data lake.
B. Use an Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream to process the dataset. Create an AWS Lambda transform function to identify the PII. Use an AWS SDK to obfuscate the PII. Set the S3 data lake as the target for the delivery stream.
C. Ingest the dataset into Amazon DynamoDB. Create an AWS Lambda function to identify and obfuscate the PII in the DynamoDB table and to transform the data. Use the same Lambda function to ingest the data into the S3 data lake.
D. Use the Detect PII transform in AWS Glue Studio to identify the PII. Obfuscate the PII. Use an AWS Step Functions state machine to orchestrate a data pipeline to ingest the data into the S3 data lake.

Answer: A

Explanation:
AWS Glue is a fully managed service that provides a serverless data integration platform for data preparation, data cataloging, and data loading. AWS Glue Studio is a graphical interface that allows you to easily author, run, and monitor AWS Glue ETL jobs. AWS Glue Data Quality is a feature that enables you to validate, cleanse, and enrich your data using predefined or custom rules. AWS Step Functions is a service that allows you to coordinate multiple AWS services into serverless workflows.
Using the Detect PII transform in AWS Glue Studio, you can automatically identify and label the PII in your dataset, such as names, addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, etc. You can then create a rule in AWS Glue Data Quality to obfuscate the PII, such as masking, hashing, or replacing the values with dummy data.
You can also use other rules to validate and cleanse your data, such as checking for null values, duplicates, outliers, etc. You can then use an AWS Step Functions state machine to orchestrate a data pipeline to ingest the data into the S3 data lake. You can use AWS Glue DataBrew to visually explore and transform the data, AWS Glue crawlers to discover and catalog the data, and AWS Glue jobs to load the data into the S3 data lake.
This solution will meet the requirement with the least operational effort, as it leverages the serverless and managed capabilities of AWS Glue, AWS Glue Studio, AWS Glue Data Quality, and AWS Step Functions.
You do not need to write any code to identify or obfuscate the PII, as you can use the built-in transforms and rules in AWS Glue Studio and AWS Glue Data Quality. You also do not need to provision or manage any servers or clusters, as AWS Glue and AWS Step Functions scale automatically based on the demand.
The other options are not as efficient as using the Detect PII transform in AWS Glue Studio, creating a rule in AWS Glue Data Quality, and using an AWS Step Functions state machine. Using an Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream to process the dataset, creating an AWS Lambda transform function to identify the PII, using an AWS SDK to obfuscate the PII, and setting the S3 data lake as the target for the delivery stream will require more operational effort, as you will need to write and maintain code to identifyand obfuscate the PII, as well as manage the Lambda function and its resources. Using the Detect PII transform in AWS Glue Studio to identify the PII, obfuscating the PII, and using an AWS Step Functions state machine to orchestrate a data pipeline to ingest the data into the S3 data lake will not be as effective as creating a rule in AWS Glue Data Quality to obfuscate the PII, as you will need to manually obfuscate the PII after identifying it, which can be error-prone and time-consuming. Ingesting the dataset into Amazon DynamoDB, creating an AWS Lambda function to identify and obfuscate the PII in the DynamoDB table and to transform the data, and using the same Lambda function to ingest the data into the S3 data lake will require more operational effort, as you will need to write and maintain code to identify and obfuscate the PII, as well as manage the Lambda function and its resources. You will also incur additional costs and complexity by using DynamoDB as an intermediate data store, which may not be necessary for your use case. References:
AWS Glue
AWS Glue Studio
AWS Glue Data Quality
[AWS Step Functions]
[AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide], Chapter 6: Data Integration and Transformation, Section 6.1: AWS Glue

NEW QUESTION # 146
A data engineer runs Amazon Athena queries on data that is in an Amazon S3 bucket. The Athena queries use AWS Glue Data Catalog as a metadata table.
The data engineer notices that the Athena query plans are experiencing a performance bottleneck. The data engineer determines that the cause of the performance bottleneck is the large number of partitions that are in the S3 bucket. The data engineer must resolve the performance bottleneck and reduce Athena query planning time.
Which solutions will meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

A. Create an AWS Glue partition index. Enable partition filtering.
B. Bucketthe data based on a column thatthe data have in common in a WHERE clause of the user query
C. Use Athena partition projection based on the S3 bucket prefix.
D. Transform the data that is in the S3 bucket to Apache Parquet format.
E. Use the Amazon EMR S3DistCP utility to combine smaller objects in the S3 bucket into larger objects.

Answer: A,C

Explanation:
The best solutions to resolve the performance bottleneck and reduce Athena query planning time are to create an AWS Glue partition index and enable partition filtering, and to use Athena partition projection based on the S3 bucket prefix.
AWS Glue partition indexes are a feature that allows you to speed up query processing of highly partitioned tables cataloged in AWS Glue Data Catalog. Partition indexes are available for queries in Amazon EMR, Amazon Redshift Spectrum, and AWS Glue ETL jobs. Partition indexes are sublists of partition keys defined in the table. When you create a partition index, you specify a list of partition keys that already exist on a given table. AWS Glue then creates an index for the specified keys and stores it in the Data Catalog. When you run a query that filters on the partition keys, AWS Glue uses the partition index to quickly identify the relevant partitions without scanning the entiretable metadata. This reduces the query planning time and improves the query performance1.
Athena partition projection is a feature that allows you to speed up query processing of highly partitioned tables and automate partition management. In partition projection, Athena calculates partition values and locations using the table properties that you configure directly on your table in AWS Glue. The table properties allow Athena to 'project', or determine, the necessary partition information instead of having to do a more time-consuming metadata lookup in the AWS Glue Data Catalog. Because in-memory operations are often faster than remote operations, partition projection can reduce the runtime of queries against highly partitioned tables. Partition projection also automates partition management because it removes the need to manually create partitions in Athena, AWS Glue, or your external Hive metastore2.
Option B is not the best solution, as bucketing the data based on a column that the data have in common in a WHERE clause of the user query would not reduce the query planning time. Bucketing is a technique that divides data into buckets based on a hash function applied to a column. Bucketing can improve the performance of join queries by reducing the amount of data that needs to be shuffled between nodes. However, bucketing does not affect the partition metadata retrieval, which is the main cause of the performance bottleneck in this scenario3.
Option D is not the best solution, as transforming the data that is in the S3 bucket to Apache Parquet format would not reduce the query planning time. Apache Parquet is a columnar storage format that can improve the performance of analytical queries by reducing the amount of data that needs to be scanned and providing efficient compression and encoding schemes. However, Parquet does not affect the partition metadata retrieval, which is the main cause of the performance bottleneck in this scenario4.
Option E is not the best solution, as using the Amazon EMR S3DistCP utility to combine smaller objects in the S3 bucket into larger objects would not reduce the query planning time. S3DistCP is a tool that can copy large amounts of data between Amazon S3 buckets or from HDFS to Amazon S3. S3DistCP can also aggregate smaller files into larger files to improve the performance of sequential access. However, S3DistCP does not affect the partition metadata retrieval, which is the main cause of the performance bottleneck in this scenario5. References:
Improve query performance using AWS Glue partition indexes
Partition projection with Amazon Athena
Bucketing vs Partitioning
Columnar Storage Formats
S3DistCp
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide

NEW QUESTION # 147
A company is planning to migrate on-premises Apache Hadoop clusters to Amazon EMR. The company also needs to migrate a data catalog into a persistent storage solution.
The company currently stores the data catalog in an on-premises Apache Hive metastore on the Hadoop clusters. The company requires a serverless solution to migrate the data catalog.
Which solution will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively?

A. Configure a Hive metastore in Amazon EMR. Migrate the existing on-premises Hive metastore into Amazon EMR. Use AWS Glue Data Catalog to store the company's data catalog as an external data catalog.
B. Use AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS) to migrate the Hive metastore into Amazon S3. Configure AWS Glue Data Catalog to scan Amazon S3 to produce the data catalog.
C. Configure a new Hive metastore in Amazon EMR. Migrate the existing on-premises Hive metastore into Amazon EMR. Use the new metastore as the company's data catalog.
D. Configure an external Hive metastore in Amazon EMR. Migrate the existing on-premises Hive metastore into Amazon EMR. Use Amazon Aurora MySQL to store the company's data catalog.

Answer: B

Explanation:
AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS) is a service that helps you migrate databases to AWS quickly and securely. You can use AWS DMS to migrate the Hive metastore from the on-premises Hadoop clusters into Amazon S3, which is a highly scalable, durable, and cost-effective object storage service. AWS Glue Data Catalog is a serverless, managed service that acts as a central metadata repository for your data assets. You can use AWS Glue Data Catalog to scan the Amazon S3 bucket that contains the migrated Hive metastore and create a data catalog that is compatible with Apache Hive and other AWS services. This solution meets the requirements of migrating the data catalog into a persistent storage solution and using a serverless solution. This solution is also the most cost-effective, as it does not incur any additional charges for running Amazon EMR or Amazon Aurora MySQL clusters. The other options are either not feasible or not optimal. Configuring a Hive metastore in Amazon EMR (option B) or an external Hive metastore in Amazon EMR (option C) would require running and maintaining Amazon EMR clusters, which would incur additional costs and complexity. Using Amazon Aurora MySQL to store the company's data catalog (option C) would also incur additional costs and complexity, as well as introduce compatibility issues with Apache Hive. Configuring a new Hive metastore in Amazon EMR (option D) would not migrate the existing data catalog, but create a new one, which would result in data loss and inconsistency. Reference:
Using AWS Database Migration Service
Populating the AWS Glue Data Catalog
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide, Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Visualization, Section 4.2: AWS Glue Data Catalog

NEW QUESTION # 148
A company wants to analyze sales records that the company stores in a MySQL database. The company wants to correlate the records with sales opportunities identified by Salesforce.
The company receives 2 GB erf sales records every day. The company has 100 GB of identified sales opportunities. A data engineer needs to develop a process that will analyze and correlate sales records and sales opportunities. The process must run once each night.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

A. Use Amazon AppFlow to fetch sales opportunities from Salesforce. Use AWS Glue to fetch sales records from the MySQL database. Correlate the sales records with the sales opportunities. Use Amazon Managed Workflows for Apache Airflow (Amazon MWAA) to orchestrate the process.
B. Use Amazon Managed Workflows for Apache Airflow (Amazon MWAA) to fetch both datasets. Use AWS Lambda functions to correlate the datasets. Use AWS Step Functions to orchestrate the process.
C. Use Amazon AppFlow to fetch sales opportunities from Salesforce. Use AWS Glue to fetch sales records from the MySQL database. Correlate the sales records with sales opportunities. Use AWS Step Functions to orchestrate the process.
D. Use Amazon AppFlow to fetch sales opportunities from Salesforce. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to fetch sales records from the MySQL database. Use Amazon Managed Service for Apache Flink to correlate the datasets. Use AWS Step Functions to orchestrate the process.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Problem Analysis:
The company processes 2 GB of daily sales records and 100 GB of Salesforce sales opportunities.
The goal is to analyze and correlate the two datasets with low operational overhead.
The process must run once nightly.
Key Considerations:
Amazon AppFlow simplifies data integration with Salesforce.
AWS Glue can extract data from MySQL and perform ETL operations.
Step Functions can orchestrate workflows with minimal manual intervention.
Apache Airflow and Flink add complexity, which conflicts with the requirement for low operational overhead.
Solution Analysis:
Option A: MWAA + Lambda + Step Functions
Requires custom Lambda code for dataset correlation, increasing development and operational complexity.
Option B: AppFlow + Glue + MWAA
MWAA adds orchestration overhead compared to the simpler Step Functions.
Option C: AppFlow + Glue + Step Functions
AppFlow fetches Salesforce data, Glue extracts MySQL data, and Step Functions orchestrate the entire process.
Minimal setup and operational overhead, making it the best choice.
Option D: AppFlow + Kinesis + Flink + Step Functions
Using Kinesis and Flink for batch processing introduces unnecessary complexity.
Final Recommendation:
Use Amazon AppFlow to fetch Salesforce data, AWS Glue to process MySQL data, and Step Functions for orchestration.
Reference:
Amazon AppFlow Overview
AWS Glue ETL Documentation
AWS Step Functions

NEW QUESTION # 149
A company needs to partition the Amazon S3 storage that the company uses for a data lake. The partitioning will use a path of the S3 object keys in the following format: s3://bucket/prefix/year=2023/month=01/day=01.
A data engineer must ensure that the AWS Glue Data Catalog synchronizes with the S3 storage when the company adds new partitions to the bucket.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST latency?

A. Run the MSCK REPAIR TABLE command from the AWS Glue console.
B. Schedule an AWS Glue crawler to run every morning.
C. Use code that writes data to Amazon S3 to invoke the Boto3 AWS Glue create partition API call.
D. Manually run the AWS Glue CreatePartition API twice each day.

Answer: C

Explanation:
The best solution to ensure that the AWS Glue Data Catalog synchronizes with the S3 storage when the company adds new partitions to the bucket with the least latency is to use code that writes data to Amazon S3 to invoke the Boto3 AWS Glue create partition API call. This way, the Data Catalog is updated as soon as new data is written to S3, and the partition information is immediately available for querying by other services. The Boto3 AWS Glue create partition API call allows you to create a new partition in the Data Catalog by specifying the table name, the database name, and the partition values1. You can use this API call in your code that writes data to S3, such as a Python script or an AWS Glue ETL job, to create a partition for each new S3 object key that matches the partitioning scheme.
Option A is not the best solution, as scheduling an AWS Glue crawler to run every morning would introduce a significant latency between the time new data is written to S3 and the time the Data Catalog is updated. AWS Glue crawlers are processes that connect to a data store, progress through a prioritized list of classifiers to determine the schema for your data, and then create metadata tables in the Data Catalog2. Crawlers can be scheduled to run periodically, such as daily or hourly, but they cannot runcontinuously or in real-time.
Therefore, using a crawler to synchronize the Data Catalog with the S3 storage would not meet the requirement of the least latency.
Option B is not the best solution, as manually running the AWS Glue CreatePartition API twice each day would also introduce a significant latency between the time new data is written to S3 and the time the Data Catalog is updated. Moreover, manually running the API would require more operational overhead and human intervention than using code that writes data to S3 to invoke the API automatically.
Option D is not the best solution, as running the MSCK REPAIR TABLE command from the AWS Glue console would also introduce a significant latency between the time new data is written to S3 and the time the Data Catalog is updated. The MSCK REPAIR TABLE command is a SQL command that you can run in the AWS Glue console to add partitions to the Data Catalog based on the S3 object keys that match the partitioning scheme3. However, this command is not meant to be run frequently or in real-time, as it can take a long time to scan the entire S3 bucket and add the partitions. Therefore, using this command to synchronize the Data Catalog with the S3 storage would not meet the requirement of the least latency. References:
AWS Glue CreatePartition API
Populating the AWS Glue Data Catalog
MSCK REPAIR TABLE Command
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide

NEW QUESTION # 150
......

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